Disease Information (7) (Provided by Emerging Exotic Diseases Lab, Foreign Animal Diseases Division) ( 07/05/11 ) | |||||
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Part | Charger | leeyh | date | 07/05/11 | |
□ Rinderpest
1. Definition
- Highly contagious and pathogenic viral disease in ruminants
2. Aetiology
- Virus family Paramyxoviridae, genus Morbillivirus
3. Host range
- Cattle, zebus, water buffaloes and many species of wild animals: African buffaloes, eland, kudu, wilde-beest, various antelopes, bushpigs, warthog, giraffes, etc.
- Sheep, goats are susceptible
- Asian pigs seem more susceptible than African and European pigs
- Rinderpest is rare among camelidae
- No age- or sex-linked predisposition
4. Geographical distribution
- The virus has never established itself in the Americas or Australia/New Zealand. Its distribution in other parts of the world is restricted. In Africa it has been eradicated from several countries and sub-regions, and is normally absent from the northern and southern parts of the continent. Rinderpest occurs in the Middle East and in southwestern and central Asia
- For detailed information on occurrence, see recent issues of World Animal Health and the OIE Bulletin
5. Transmission
- By direct or close indirect contacts
- Sources of virus
Shedding of virus begins 1-2 days before pyrexia in tears, nasal secretions, saliva, urine and faeces
Blood and all tissues are infectious before the appearance of clinical signs
Infection is via the epithelium of the upper or lower respiratory tract
No carrier state
6. Incubation period
- Incubation period is 3-15 days
7. Gross lesions
Either areas of necrosis and erosions, or congestion and haemorrhage in the mouth, intestines and upper respiratory tracts
Enlarged and oedematous lymph nodes
White necrotic foci in Pepyer's patches
'Zebra striping' in the large intestine
Carcass emaciation and dehydration
8. Diagnosis
- Clinical Diagnosis
Classic form: four stages
Incubation period : Febrile period (40-42°C) with depression, anorexia, reduction of rumination, increase of respiratory and cardiac rate
Mucous membrane congestion (oral, nasal, ocular and genital tract mucosae)
intense mucopurulent lachrymation and abundant salivation
anorexia - necrosis and erosion of the oral mucosae
this phase lasts 2-3 days
Gastrointestinal signs appear when the fever drops: profuse haemorrhagic diarrhoea containing mucus and necrotic debris. Severe tenesmus. Dehydration, abdominal pain, abdominal respiration, weakness, recumbency and death within 8-12 days. In rare cases, clinical signs regress by day 10 and recovery occurs by day 20-25
Peracute form
No prodromal signs, high fever (>40-42°C), sometimes congested mucous membranes, and death. This form occurs in highly susceptible young and newborn animals
Subacute form
Clinical signs limited to one or more of the classic signs. Low mortality rate
Atypical form
Irregular pyrexia and mild or no diarrheoa. The lymphotropic nature of rinderpest virus favours recrudescence of latent infections and/or increased susceptibility to other infectious agents
Sheep, goats and pigs
Variable pyrexia and anorexia
Inconsistent diarrhoea
Pigs
Pyrexia, prostration, conjunctivitis, erosions of buccal mucosa, death
- Laboratory diagnosis
Identification of the agent
Antigen detection
Agar gel immunodiffusion test
Direct and indirect immunoperoxidase tests
Counter immunoelectrophoresis
Immunohistopathology
Virus isolation and identification
Virus isolation (n VERO or bovine kidney cell cultures)
Virus neutralisation
Immunoperoxidase staining
Virus RNA detection
Rinderpest-specific cDNA probes
Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
Serological tests (prescribed tests in the Manual)
ELISA
Virus neutralisation
Samples
Sterile whole blood preserved in heparin (10 IU/ml) or EDTA (0.5 mg/ml) and transferred to laboratory on ice (but not frozen)
Spleen, prescapular or mesenteric lymph nodes of dead animals chilled to sub-zero temperatures
Ocular and nasal secretions of infected animals during either the prodromal or the erosive phase
9. Control and eradication
- Isolation or slaughtering of sick and in-contact animals
- Destruction of cadavers
- Disinfection
- Protection of free zones
10. Public health aspects
- There is no risk to human health
11. Further infomation : http://www.oie.int/eng/maladies/en_fiches.htm?e1d7
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