Disease Information (3) (Provided by Vesicular Diseases Lab, Foreign Animal Diseases Division) ( 07/05/11 ) | |||||
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Part | Charger | leeyh | date | 07/05/11 | |
Vesicular stomatitis
1. Definition
Vesicular stomatitis is a vesicular disease of horses, cattle and pigs caused by a vesiculvirus of the family Rhabdoviridae.
2. Etiology
Virus family Rhabdoviridae, genus Vesiculovirus
Major serotypes: New Jersey, Indiana
Temperature: Inactivated by 58°C for 30 min
pH: Stable between pH 4.0 and 10.0
Chemicals: Ether and other organic solvents sensitive
Disinfectants: Destroyed by formalin (1%)
Survival: Survives for long periods at low temperatures
3. Host range
• Human (minor zoonosis)
• Domestic hosts: equidae, bovidae, suidae
• Wild hosts: white-tailed deer and numerous species of small mammals in the tropics
4. Geographical distribution
The disease is limited to the Americas. (It was described in horses in France in 1915 and 1917, and in South Africa in 1886 and 1887.)
5. Transmission
• Contamination by transcutaneous or transmucosal route
• Arthropod transmission (Phlebotomus, Aedes, etc.)
Seasonal variations: VS is more frequent in the rainy season in tropical areas, although in some countries is also registered during the dry season. Generally disappears at the first frosts in temperate zones
Sources of virus
• Saliva, exudate or epithelium of open vesicles
• Vectors
• Soil and plants (suspected)
6. Incubation period
• Incubation period is up to 21 days
7. Gross lesions
• Limited to the epithelial tissues of the mouth, teats and feet
8. Diagnosis
Clinical diagnosis
The symptomatology is similar to that of foot and mouth disease (FMD), with which it can easily be confused (but horses are resistant to FMD and susceptible to VS)
• Excessive salivation
• Blanched raised or broken vesicles of various sizes in the mouth:
o Horses: upper surface of the tongue, surface of the lips and around nostrils, corners of the mouth and the gums
o Cattle: tongue, lips, gums, hard palate, and sometimes muzzle and around the nostrils
o Pigs: snout
• Lesions involving feet of horses and cattle are not exceptional
• Teat lesions occur in dairy herds
• Foot lesions and lameness are frequent in pigs
• Recovery in around 2 weeks
• Complication: loss of production and mastitis in dairy herds due to secondary infections, lameness in horses
Laboratory diagnosis
A. Identification of the agent
• Virus isolation: inoculation into embryonated chicken eggs; mice; tissue culture systems (chick fibroblasts, pig kidney, BHK-21, Vero); footpad of guinea pigs; horses and cattle; snout of pigs
• Viral antigen detection by complement fixation test, ELISA or neutralisation tests in tissue culture, embryonated chicken eggs, or suckling mice
B. Serological tests
• ELISA
• Virus neutralization
• Complement fixation
9. Control and eradication
No specific treatment. Antibiotics may avoid secondary infection of abraded tissues
A. Sanitary prophylaxis
• Animal movement should be restricted and a laboratory diagnosis must be performed rapidly. Trucks and fomites should be disinfected
B. Medical prophylaxis
• Inactivated and attenuated virus vaccines have been experimentally tested, but are not yet available commercially
10. Public health aspects
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